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صوتی
سؤالات آزمون استعداد تحصیلی کلیه رشته های گروه آزمایشی زبان دکتری ناپیوسته سال 1390
Author: کنکور دکتری
Book Num.: 33327#
Description: سؤالات آزمون استعداد تحصیلی کلیه رشته های گروه آزمایشی زبان دکتری ناپیوسته سال 1390
global warning
Author: wikipedia
Book Num.: 27965#
Description: Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-twentieth century and its projected continuation. Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the last century.[1]A[›] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes that anthropogenic greenhouse gases are responsible for most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the twentieth century,[1] and that natural phenomena such as solar variation and volcanoes probably had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect afterward.[2][3] These basic conclusions have been endorsed by more than 40 scientific societies and academies of science,B[›] including all of the national academies of science of the major industrialized countries.[4]
black holes
Author: wikipedia
Book Num.: 27964#
Description: In general relativity, a black hole is a region of space in which the gravitational field is so powerful that nothing, including light, can escape its pull. The black hole has a one-way surface, called an event horizon, into which objects can fall, but out of which nothing can come. It is called "black" because it absorbs all the light that hits it, reflecting nothing, just like a perfect blackbody in thermodynamics. Quantum analysis of black holes shows them to possess a temperature and Hawking radiation
آموزش قدم به قدم زبان فرانسه
Author: بهنام تک دهقان
Book Num.: 27963#
Description: این یکی از کتابهایی است که به صورت واضح زبان فرانسه را آموزش داده این کتاب به صورت کلمه به کلمه آموزش می دهد ومثلا در جایی مانند هتل هستید اصطلاحاتی که در هتل به کار میبندید را کلمه به کلمه توضیح داده ومعنی کرده است.
Really Learn 100 Phrasal Verbs
Author: [طبخقی
Book Num.: 27961#
Description: آموزش مهمترین Phrasal verb های انگلیسی با استفاده از تصاویر و آزمونها
errors in english tests
Author: takbook.com
Book Num.: 27959#
Description: there are some errors in english tests
TheGALE ENCYCLOPEDIA of Psychology SECONDEDITION
Author: Bonnie R. Strickland
Book Num.: 27955#
Description: Psychology is one of the most fascinating fields of study. Almost everyone seems interested in understand- ing his or her own behavior, as well as the actions of oth- ers. Psychology is, by far, the most popular of the social and behavioral sciences and one of the most attractive to those who are interested in knowing more about people and their behavior. In college and universities, psycholo- gy has been one of the most popular majors for over three decades, and students are more likely to take an elective course in psychology than one from any other field. Not surprisingly, psychology has also become a popular high school offering.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION SECOND EDITION 14
Author: LINDSAY JONES EDITOR IN CHIEF
Book Num.: 27954#
Description: In both oral and literate societies, the tendency to intermingle word and image is irresistible. Spoken words, whether song, chant, or prose, contain the life-force or spirit of the speaker and are commonly joined to images by incantation and by rituals designed to charge images with power. Writ- ten words are themselves signifiers that can be pictorialized in many different ways in order to compound the potency of images. Word and image are imbricated or pat- terned one on top of the other for the purpose of enhancing memory, expanding the capacity of visual narrative, or avoiding the injunctions against visual representation that some religions enforce. By visualizing spoken or written language in the form of symbolic devices, image makers are able to create a hybrid form of discourse—picto- graphs, hieroglyphs, ideograms, or characters. Finally, naming is a universal practice in human culture. Visualizing names in graphic symbols or pictorial tableaux is often a way of remembering or evoking the deceased or tapping the power of the spirit by accessing its essence contained within the name.
Encyclopedia of science and religion
Author: J. Wentzel Vrede van Huyssteen,
Book Num.: 27953#
Description: The dialogue between science and religion is one of the most prominent and visible discourses of our time. The complex but enduring relationship between the sciences and diverse world religions has now transformed itself into what some are calling a new scholarly field of science and religion. This multifaceted conversation has developed into a sustained and dynamic discourse with direct implications for contemporary culture. This discourse affects all religions, in both their intellectual and social dimensions. It also analyzes, supports, and constrains the global impact of the sciences of our times.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION SECOND EDITION 13
Author: LINDSAY JONES EDITOR IN CHIEF
Book Num.: 27952#
Description: One of the few generalizations about religion that may be safely declared is that the practice of belief is always, in one way or another, a firmly embodied affair, transpiring in the medium of the human body. Even in the hands of the most zealously ascetic or scholastic adherents, religion’s deep register is the body that is denied, cloaked, disciplined, or scorned. In less repressive religious cultures, the body is celebrated as the vessel of memory, the bearer of social status, the medium of divine pres- ence, and the richly adorned display of fecundity, transport, joy, or sexual union.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION SECOND EDITION 12
Author: LINDSAY JONES EDITOR IN CHIEF
Book Num.: 27951#
Description: Many religious traditions cherish images surrounded by narra- tives that tell of the image’s origins and its long history as an object of devotion in court and ecclesia. Often these images are acheiropoetic, that is, not made by human hands. Their origins are divine. Fashioned by angels or deities, these images descend from heaven and are found by the faithful. They are enshrined and typically prove their peculiar merit by moving, speaking, bleeding, weeping, or performing miracles. In Thai Buddhism, for instance, the Sinhala Buddha floated on a plank when the ship carrying it from Sri Lanka to Thailand was wrecked in a gale.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION SECOND EDITION 11
Author: LINDSAY JONES EDITOR IN CHIEF
Book Num.: 27950#
Description: Sacred images engage viewers in acts of seeing that are themselves forms of religious experience. When human beings “see,” they do so by means of an extensive apparatus of vision that may be designated by the term gaze. The gaze is not simply an optical event, the physiological act of looking at something, but the constellation of numerous events and aspects of vision: the engagement of the body of the viewer, the regimentation of time, the application of an epistemology of seeing that makes things intelligible, the eclipse of spaces and orders outside the boundaries of the gaze, and the focus of memory and consciousness on certain matters.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION SECOND EDITION 8
Author: LINDSAY JONES EDITOR IN CHIEF
Book Num.: 27949#
Description: Whatever else they are, images are always deposits of previ- ous forms of image-making, traces of visual thought inherited from the past. This fact makes any given image a particular configuration of preserva- tive or backward-looking impulses and present or even forward-looking ones. In the case of religious imagery, this means that images are something like cultural fossils that are especially useful to religious belief because of their ability to appropriate old motifs for new uses. It is possible, therefore, to plot the changes and cultural develop- ments of religious thought and practice in the material record of art and architecture. Images (as well as song, dance, verse, and music) are not merely incidental to religion, but often the very medium in which belief takes shape.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION SECOND EDITION 10
Author: LINDSAY JONES EDITOR IN CHIEF
Book Num.: 27948#
Description: Portraits have the singular advantage of presenting to the votive eye the person whose personality, office, stature, or authority shape a relationship that often goes to the heart of religious belief. Ances- tors, teachers, saints, heroes, and deities are made available in their portraits for veneration and petition. The devotional relation that portraiture enables with these venerable figures is perhaps most observable in icons, which are a visual device found in many religious traditions. The term is most closely associated with Orthodox Christianity, which makes extensive liturgical use of icons in its formal worship and devotion.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION SECOND EDITION 9
Author: LINDSAY JONES EDITOR IN CHIEF
Book Num.: 27947#
Description: As odd or superstitious as it may appear to a scientific, secu- lar view of nature, many religious images and objects are capable of great efficacy and able to protect against evil or misfortune, promote prosperity, heal illness, prompt fecundity, communicate favorably with the dead, or secure divine blessing. In fact, it may even be that such purposes constitute the greatest occasion for images in religious life. The reasons for attributing this kind of power to images or sculptures are as diverse as the psychological and sociologi- cal models for explaining their appeal.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION SECOND EDITION 7
Author: LINDSAY JONES EDITOR IN CHIEF
Book Num.: 27946#
Description: Although certain definitions of religion would like to portray worship and the contemplative life as devoid of anything so profane or secular as commerce, in fact, work, trade, and religion are often insepa- rable, and can even be indistinguishable. And no religion is without fundamental economic aspects. If commerce is broadly understood as any system of exchange in which goods, services, or capital act as a medium of human relations, it is not dif- ficult to see how commerce also characterizes much religious behavior. Human traffic with the divine may be described as a commerce of sorts, and often precisely as a system of exchange in which human beings barter for goods and services that will enhance their lives. Images are often the coin by which the metaphysical economy of exchange is conducted with the gods or divine forces whose benefits may be acquired by the expenditure of moral or spiritual capital betokened by the image. In other cases, images promote or facilitate consumption that is infused with religious meaning.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION SECOND EDITION 6
Author: LINDSAY JONES EDITOR IN CHIEF
Book Num.: 27945#
Description: Images and the visual practices that put them to work contrib- ute significantly to the experience of those social and cultural groupings that structure human life. Clan, tribe, ancestors, congregation, family, ethnic group, race, and nation are only some of the many shared orders of social life. These forms of association configure the loyalties, obligations, and affiliations, as well as the aversions and oppositions, that shape individual and collective identity. The creation, display, gifting, veneration, ritual observation, and destruction of images all can help perform group solidarity and signal individual status within the group.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION SECOND EDITION 5
Author: LINDSAY JONES EDITOR IN CHIEF
Book Num.: 27944#
Description: A sacred space is any place recognized for its ability to direct the mind and body to holy matters. The basis for this power varies considerably. Sometimes spaces act like reliquaries—enclosures that mark the deposit of a saint’s remains, or the site of an unusual event such as a vision or mani- festation of divine power, or the place where a holy person preached or lived. Alter- natively, sacred spaces are often built environments that seek to shape human consciousness toward states of worship or mindfulness.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION SECOND EDITION 4
Author: LINDSAY JONES EDITOR IN CHIEF
Book Num.: 27943#
Description: Understandings of matter, of the physical, obdurate objects that make up the everyday world, vary considerably among religions. Matter is sometimes regarded as evil or void of real being, sometimes as infused with spiritual realities that animate it. In other traditions, matter and spirit are inextricably joined and the idea of a dualist split between the two is inconceivable. Likewise, the experience of matter as sacred varies from the idea of holy substance, to consecrated matter, to objects sacred to memory, to objects that are morally useful but in no manner sacred in the sense of being infused with an intrinsic power. But in every case the power or use ascribed to natural or artificial objects is inseparable from the cultural webs of meaning-making that invest them with the power to signify. It is in this sense that sacred matter of whatever kind helps construct the life-worlds of those who harness its power by using objects in their rites and ceremonies.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION SECOND EDITION 3
Author: LINDSAY JONES EDITOR IN CHIEF
Book Num.: 27942#
Description: Images offer viewers a special advantage: not only can they compact and transmit information with great economy, they offer a commanding perch from which to survey vast transits of time and expanses of space. Schematic images serve as maps of the cosmos, of history, of the night sky, and of the wanderings and pilgrimages of the soul. Visual imagery can also present to a single view, for purposes of meditation or memorization, extensive bodies of thought and teaching. Such images are often dia- grams or charts that serve as mnemonic devices, teaching aids, or prompts for visualization in meditation. This manner of imagery is able to condense a complex array of information into a single visual field and to serve as a graphic shorthand for referring to or recalling teachings.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION SECOND EDITION 2
Author: LINDSAY JONES EDITOR IN CHIEF
Book Num.: 27941#
Description: Storytelling may be one of the most universal of human behaviors. Representing events in a series of episodes allows storytellers and their audiences to explain a state of affairs, to trace the historical development of a people, to limn the portrait of a hero, or to account for the status of a ruler, city, or natural order. Storytelling ascribes causation to events, provides access to the past, bestows meaning on the present, and offers counter-narratives to prevailing or rival accounts.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RELIGION SECOND EDITION
Author: LINDSAY JONES EDITOR IN CHIEF
Book Num.: 27940#
Description: To participate in a revision of Mircea Eliade’s Encyclopedia of Religion, first published in 1987, is an occasion of intense humility, but also a grand opportunity. Though not without its critics, the first edition was suitably heralded as the stan- dard reference work in the field, a truly landmark achieve- ment. The work of revision has, at nearly every turn, ampli- fied rather than diminished appreciation for the accomplish- ment of those original volumes. Dealing firsthand with the conceptual and organizational challenges, coupled with the logistical labors of coordinating the efforts of countless schol- ars and editors, redoubles a sense of admiration, respect, and gratitude for the makers of the original version of this ency- clopedia.
(6)new dictionary of the history of ideas
Author: maryanne cline horowitz
Book Num.: 27939#
Description: TASTE. We tend to use the word taste in two different ways. First, to refer to the ability to judge a thing correctly, usually (but not always) a work of art from an aesthetic point of view. Second, we use the word to refer to a particular set of aesthetic preferences, and given the most popular sense of this second usage, we understand that one person’s set of preferences may differ from another person’s set. In this article, taste refers to taste in the first sense, and personal taste refers to it in the sec- ond. “Personal taste” does not imply that one person’s set of aesthetic preferences cannot be shared by others.
(5)new dictionary of the history of ideas
Author: maryanne cline horowitz
Book Num.: 27938#
Description: PHYSICS. It should be understood that a full under- standing of the history of physics would include consideration of its institutional, social, and cultural contexts. Physics be- came a scientific discipline during the nineteenth century, gaining a clear professional and cognitive identity as well as patronage from a number of institutions (especially those per- taining to education and the state).
(4)new dictionary of the history of ideas
Author: maryanne cline horowitz
Book Num.: 27937#
Description: Machiavellism, a word that goes back to the late sixteenth century, is a name for the theory and practice of amoral politics. In its ideal, simply abstract sense, it is not meant to coincide exactly with the views or practices of any historical individual, even Niccolò Machi- avelli (1469–1527) himself. When Machiavelli praises the cit- izens of the ancient republic of Rome as noble and public-spirited, he is no Machiavellian.
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